The old name for the alkanes was the paraffins alkynes may have one or more triple bonds in their structure. Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds hydrocarbons with multiple bonds outline. Unsaturated hydrocarbons compare the following structures of ethane, ethene and. In addition, the type of bonding in organic compounds is almost always covalent. Naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and types of isomers. Hydrocarbons that contain no multiple bonds are called alkanes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg. Hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes britannica.
Though these three hydrocarbon varieties are similar, there is a difference in bonding. Importance of alkenes alkenes are very important in society. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain or or ethyne hc ch the carboncarbon triple acetylene bond are called alkynes 8. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The physical properties of alkenes are much like those of the alkanes. Alkanes are the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond. Oct 24, 2017 please subscribe and hit that thumbs up button. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds and are. Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, joined by single bonds alkanes, or unsaturated, with double bonds alkenes or triple bonds alkynes. Hydrocarbons with the same formula, including alkanes, can have different structures. Unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes react with h 2 in the presence of finely divided catalysts such as platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes. These worksheets are for practicing organic chemistry nomenclature for basic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Naming and drawing alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons date. Determination of an equilibrium constant using spectroscopy. Preparation of alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chapter 2 hydrocarbons a hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen. Determination of the % fe in an unknown by titration. Functional groups alkenes and alkynes are the doubletriple bonds. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. These are saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon.
What hydrocarbons are what alkanes are the general formula for alkanes an example of using that general formula to work out the molecular formula of octane. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc. They include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. For each write the correct tupac namc for cach, draw a structural diagram inc, condensed or complete 17. Alkenes and alkynes, on the other hand, are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Organic chemistry science at yorkdale with jessica. The alkanes can be obtained through a process called hydrogenation of alkenes. Ethylene and acetylene are synonyms in the iupac nomenclature system for ethene and ethyne, respectively. Unbranched alkenes are analogous to unbranched alkanes. Chapter 8 alkenes and alkynes i free download as powerpoint presentation. Chapter 8 alkenes and alkynes i alkene hydrocarbons.
Apr 05, 2014 alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are made up of carbon and hydrogen. Alkenes and alkynes add one and two molecules of hydrogen, respectively, in the presence of a catalyst, such as finely divided nickel or palladium or platinum at 523573 k to form alkanes. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only two. Hunter, department of chemistry, youngstown state university chemistry 1506. They are called nbutane and 2methylpropane or isobutane, and have the following lewis structures the compounds nbutane and 2methylpropane are structural isomers the term constitutional isomers is also commonly used. Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes.
Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. When alkynes and halogens like bromine react, halogen will add itself to the structure of the alkynes and result in halogen substituted alkenes. Rules underlying iupac nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed below. Hydrocarbons with carboncarbon double bonds are called alkenes. Carbon is unique in the periodic table in that it is the only element that has a whole branch of chemistry dedicated to this study by itself. Hydrocarbons alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics alkanes or saturated hydrocarbons are simple organic hydrocarbons consisting of only of carbons bound to hydrogens or other carbon atoms by single bonds. The hydrocarbons that has carbon carbon single bond. Hydrocarbons organic compounds contain only two elements,hydrogen and carbon and hence are known as hydrocarbons. Computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Hydrocarbons 365 unit after studying this unit, you will be able to name hydrocarbons according to iupac system of nomenclature. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. The properties of alkynes pretty much follow the same pattern of those of alkanes and alkenes. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbonsthat is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. The carbon atoms in each exhibit a valency of four. Hydrocarbons that contain only carbontocarbon single bonds are called alkanes. Mathematically, this can be indicated by the following general formulas. Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon triple bond. Compound with only single bonds unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with carboncarbon triple bonds are called alkynes. Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen and these hydorcarbons form important fuels like petroleum,diesel etc.
The main structural difference among hydrocarbon families is the presence of double or. Alkynes are unsaturated carbon that shares a triple bond at the carbon site. They contain no double or triple bonds in their carbon skeletons and, therefore, have the maximum number of carbon to hydrogen covalent bonds. There are 3 types of hydrocarbons such as alkanes,alkenes and alkynes. Organic chemistry hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes page. Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes a hydrocarbon that contains no double bonds is called an alkane, or hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and chlorine. Properties and uses of hydrocarbon contd activity crude oil and fuels handout video using hydrocarbons in our lives. Alkanes are much more stable than alkenes because of the presence of the cc double bond. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with cc bonds and alkynes are hydrocarbons with c.
Higher alkenes and alkynes are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an ene alkene or yne alkyne suffix to the stem name of the unbranched alkane having that. Polar and nonpolar molecules covalent bonds and hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes and alkynes. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds. All alkynes are odourless and colourless with the exception of ethylene which has a slight distinctive odour.
The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry. Lecture outline class odds and ends defining unsaturation in hydrocarbons naming alkenes and alkynes cis and trans isomers reactions of alkenes and alkynes o hydrogenation o halogenation o hydrohalogenation o hydration polymers aromatic compounds properties of aromatic compounds 1. Alkynes contain one or more carboncarbon triple bonds. Since alkynes show geometrical isomerism, alkynes can be reduced to give cis or trans alkene depending upon the nature of catalyst used. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. Well the reason it that carbon can form a wide array of bonds to itself and to other elements. Hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry chapter edubuzz notes. Alkynes are hydrocarbons with carbontocarbon triple bonds and properties much like those of alkenes. This reaction is commonly referred to as sabatier and sandersons reduction. Alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons, while alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are said to be unsaturated. The catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes occurs faster than that of alkenes to alkanes.
Compounds with at least one double or triple bond 2. Some hydrocarbons have electrophilic and nucleophilic. Alkanes alkenes alkynes alcohols ketones esters 22 hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes aromatic hydrocarbons benzene 22 alkanes unbranched, branched, and cyclic alkanes homologous series constitutional structural isomers 24. The longest hydrocarbon chain is selected and is termed as parent chain in case of alkanes. What are the physical and chemical properties of alkanes. This is in contrast to alkenes and alkynes, which contain double and triple bonds and are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chapter 3 alkenes and alkynes 58 3 alkenes and alkynes. All organic compounds can be considered as hydrocarbons or compounds derived. Organic chemistry hydrocarbons alkanes page 1 of 3 organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Cng, petrol, diesel are used as fuels for automobiles. Alkenes contain one or more carboncarbon double bonds. First four alkanes are used as a fuel mainly for heating and cooking purpose. This article provides the revision notes of the hydrocarbons chapter of class 11 for the students so that they can give a quick glance at the chapter.
Main idea alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Feb 08, 2019 unsubscribe from physics wallah alakh pandey. The first three types are presented in this chapter, and aromatics are presented in a later chapter. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbontocarbon double bond are called alkenes, and compounds with at least one carbontocarbon triple bond are called alkynes. On the basis of structure hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes aliphatic and aromatic. Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and. Many functional groups contain oxygen atoms, such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.
A hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen. Classes of hydrocarbons alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, so the study of organic chemistry is important because all living things are based on carbon compounds. For example, two alkanes have the formula c 4 h 10. Vinyl is the prefix designation for a two carbon alkene and allyl for a three carbon alkene. Alkenes and alkynes page 2 of 2 trans isomerism because the. Pdf polar and nonpolar molecules covalent bonds and. Just like other hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes alkynes also do not react with a water molecule.
As a result of the double or triple bond nature, alkenes and alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms than comparable alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique in that it can form up to four bonds in a compound, so they can easily bond with other carbon atoms, forming long chains or rings. Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes iupac. The least complex aliphatic compound is methane ch 4,ethane c2h6. In case of alkenes double bond linkages are seen and in alkynes, triple bond linkages are present. Alkynes can be named as derivatives of the simplest alkyne, acetylene. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. The second article part 2 is on alkenes and alkynes. These worksheets are generally given to students after they have learned how to build and draw structural formulas for these simple organic molecules and understand the concept of structural isomers.
Higher alkenes and alkynes are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an ene alkene or yne alkyne suffix to the stem name of the. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into families alkanes, alkenes,alkyne and cyloalkane. Bromine is a reactor molecule and it reacts with the double bond portion of an alkene to give you a. Identify each as an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne. The simple difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. Alkenes will undergo additional reactions with molecules like bromine. Thus in hydrocarbons carbon can form neutral bonding arrangements by forming single bonds with hydrogen and single, double or triple bonds with other carbons or other atoms. How are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons named using iupac nomenclature. Hunters class section 2 notes page 129 20002002, dr. Alkynes may have one or more triple bonds in their structure.
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